Arseam

International Journal of Education & Applied Sciences Research

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOFRIENDLY COMPOSITE BASED ON NATURAL RUBBER, VINYL ACETATE AND RAPESEED PLANT STRAW: EFFECT OF NATURAL RUBBER MODIFICATION

Md Helal Uddin, Md. Shafiqul Islam, Md. Abdullah Al Masud, Mst. Honufa Khatun, Md. Minhaz-Ul Haque

Md Helal Uddin, Divisional Entomologist, Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Director General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7840-5428

Md. Shafiqul Islam, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8781-4203

Md. Abdullah Al Masud, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2346-1678

Mst. Honufa Khatun, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4045-0505

Md. Minhaz-Ul Haque, Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-8287

DOI : https://doi.org/10.53882/IJEASR.2024.1101001 Page No :

Published Online : 2024-06-30

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ABSTRACT

Aim of the study: This study set out to create an environmentally sustainable composite using natural rubber (NR). latex, vinyl acetate and rapeseed plant straw by investigating the impact of functionalizing natural rubber on the resultant composite's characteristics.

Design/Methodology: Acid hydrolyzation of α-cellulose derived from the straw of the rapeseed plant was used to prepare nanocellulose. Then a ternary nanocomposite based on NR, nanocellulose, and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) synthesized from vinyl acetate was prepared by solvent cast process. NR KMnO4 oxidized latex, functionalizing NR. PVAc blends with varying ratios of NR and oxidized NR (ONR) were also made. Then, tensile testing, SEM, and FTIR were used to characterize the blends and composites along with their constituent parts analyses.

Findings: By this study, a novel eco-friendly nanocomposite based on natural rubber, nanocellulose and vinyl acetate have been developed. FTIR analysis confirmed the functionalization of NR. FTIR analysis also indicated some chemical interactions between PVAc and ONR matrices. According to SEM analysis, the nanocellulose was uniformly distributed throughout the matrices. According to the tensile test findings, incorporation of 5 wt% nanocellulose into ONR/PVAc blend improved the composite's tensile strength considerably.

Practical implications: The developed composite can be promising alternative to non-biodegradable synthetic materials because of bio-based, flexibility and improved mechanical properties. The developed material can be used to prepare mono use plastic articles such as plate, cup etc.

Originality value: This study can be applied to develop similar eco-friendly composites based on other agricultural wastes such as rice straw, wheat straw etc. Use of oxidized NR as compatibilizer in NR/PVAc/NC composites as well as an optimized compositions of nanocellulose should be necessary to find out for further development of the composites.

Keywords: blends, composites, compatibility, morphology, mechanical properties.

Paper type: Research paper

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Lendvai, L. (2023). Lignocellulosic agro-residue/polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites: Rapeseed straw as a sustainable filler. Cleaner Materials, 9, 100196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2023.100196
Liu, B., Wang, S., Liu, J., Tang, Z., & Guo, B. (2019). Promoted strain-induced crystallization of cis-1, 4-polyisoprene with functional carbon nanodots. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 2(1), 25-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.01.002
Mariano, M., El Kissi, N., & Dufresne, A. (2016). Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced oxidized natural rubber nanocomposites. Carbohydrate polymers, 137, 174-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.027
Mohamad, Z., Ismail, H., & Thevy, R. C. (2006). Characterization of epoxidized natural rubber/ethylene vinyl acetate (ENR‐50/EVA) blend: Effect of blend ratio. Journal of applied polymer science, 99(4), 1504-1515. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.04.010
Mondal, M. I. H., & Haque, M. M. U. (2007). Effect of grafting methacrylate monomers onto jute constituents with a potassium persulfate initiator catalyzed by Fe (II). Journal of applied polymer science, 103(4), 2369-2375. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25276
Ochigbo, S. S., Luyt, A. S., & Focke, W. W. (2009). Latex derived blends of poly (vinyl acetate) and natural rubber: thermal and mechanical properties. Journal of materials science, 44, 3248-3254. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3435-6
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Cite this Article as: M. Helal Uddin, M.S. Islam, M. A.A Masud, MH Khatun, and M.M. Haque (2024), “Development of an ecofriendly composite based on natural rubber, vinyl acetate and rapeseed plant straw: effect of natural rubber modification”, International Journal of Education & Applied Sciences Research, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2024, pp 01-19. DOI : https://doi.org/10.53882/IJEASR.2024.1101001

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REFERENCES

Alhanish, A., & Ghalia, M. A. (2022). Cellulose-based bionanocomposites for food packaging applications. In bionanocomposites for food packaging applications (pp. 217-246). Woodhead Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88528-7.00013-7
Belhaoues, A., Riahi, F., & Marcos-Fernández, Á. A. (2024). Enhancement of the rheological, dynamic mechanical, and morphological properties of thermoplastic natural rubber based on NR/PP blends using ENR/PP-g-MA as a compatibilizer. Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, 14777606241239067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14777606241239067
Bhandari, K., Roy, P., Bhattacharyya, A. R., & Maulik, S. R. (2020). Synthesis and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from jute stick. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research (IJFTR), 45(4), 464-469. DOI: http://op.niscpr.res.in/index.php/IJFTR/article/view/30460
Bui, Q. B., Colin, J., Nguyen, T. D., Mao, N. D., Nguyen, T. M. L., & Perré, P. (2021). Mechanical and thermal properties of a biocomposite based on polyvinylchloride/epoxidized natural rubber blend reinforced with rice husk microfiller. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 34(9), 1180-1192.
Cao, L., Huang, J., Fan, J., Gong, Z., Xu, C., & Chen, Y. (2021). Nanocellulose-a sustainable and efficient nanofiller for rubber nanocomposites: from reinforcement to smart soft materials. Polymer Reviews, 62(3), 549-584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2021.2001004
Chaturvedi, S., Kataria, A., Chaudhary, V., Verma, A., Jain, N., Sanjay, M. R., & Siengchin, S. (2023). Bionanocomposites reinforced with cellulose fibers and agro-industrial wastes. In Cellulose fibre reinforced composites (pp. 317-342). Woodhead Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90125-3.00017-3
Chen, P., Dai, K., Wang, Z., Zhuang, W., Yang, P., Ying, H., & Wu, J. (2021). Separation and recovery of alkali lignin and NaOH based on size exclusion methodology. Separation and Purification Technology, 257, 117852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117852
Choudhury, N. R., & Bhowmick, A. K. (1989). Compatibilization of natural rubber–polyolefin thermoplastic elastomeric blends by phase modification. Journal of applied polymer science, 38(6), 1091-1109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070380609
Dahlan, H. M., Zaman, M. K., & Ibrahim, A. (2002). The morphology and thermal properties of liquid natural rubber (LNR)-compatibilized 60/40 NR/LLDPE blends. Polymer Testing, 21(8), 905-911.
Das, B. K., & Hoque, S. N. (2014). Assessment of the potential of biomass gasification for electricity generation in Bangladesh. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2014(1), 429518. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/429518
Gajria, A. M., Davé, V., Gross, R. A., & McCarthy, S. P. (1996). Miscibility and biodegradability of blends of poly (lactic acid) and poly (vinyl acetate). Polymer, 37(3), 437-444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)82913-2
Hakimi, N. M. F., Lee, S. H., Lum, W. C., Mohamad, S. F., Osman Al Edrus, S. S., Park, B. D., & Azmi, A. (2021). Surface modified nanocellulose and its reinforcement in natural rubber matrix nanocomposites: A review. Polymers, 13(19), 3241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193241
Haque, M. M. U., Herrera, N., Geng, S., & Oksman, K. (2017). Melt compounded nanocomposites with semi‐interpenetrated network structure based on natural rubber, polyethylene, and carrot nanofibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(10), 45961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45961
Housseinpour, R., Latibari, A. J., Farnood, R., Fatehi, P., & Sepiddehdam, S. J. (2010). Fiber morphology and chemical composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) stems. IAWA journal, 31(4), 457-464. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000035
Jahan, M. S., Saeed, A., He, Z., & Ni, Y. (2011). Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose. Cellulose, 18, 451-459. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9481-z
Jeevanandam, J., Rodrigues, J., Pan, S., & Danquah, M. K. (2024). Cellulose-based bionanocomposites: synthesis, properties, and applications. In Advances in Bionanocomposites (pp. 191-210). Elsevier. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91764-3.00011-5
John, M. J., Dyanti, N., Mokhena, T., Agbakoba, V., & Sithole, B. (2021). Design and development of cellulosic bionanocomposites from forestry waste residues for 3d printing applications. Materials, 14(13), 3462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133462
Kazemi, H., Mighri, F., Park, K. W., Frikha, S., & Rodrigue, D. (2022). Natural rubber biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/lignin hybrid fillers. Polymer Composites, 43(8), 5442-5453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26846
Kim, I. S., Lee, B. W., Sohn, K. S., Yoon, J., & Lee, J. H. (2016). Characterization of the UV oxidation of raw natural rubber thin film Using Image and FT-IR Analysis. Elastomers and composites, 51(1), 1-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7473/EC.2016.51.1.1
Kumagai, A., Tajima, N., Iwamoto, S., Morimoto, T., Nagatani, A., Okazaki, T., & Endo, T. (2019). Properties of natural rubber reinforced with cellulose nanofibers based on fiber diameter distribution as estimated by differential centrifugal sedimentation. International journal of biological macromolecules, 121, 989-995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.090
Lendvai, L. (2023). Lignocellulosic agro-residue/polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites: Rapeseed straw as a sustainable filler. Cleaner Materials, 9, 100196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2023.100196
Liu, B., Wang, S., Liu, J., Tang, Z., & Guo, B. (2019). Promoted strain-induced crystallization of cis-1, 4-polyisoprene with functional carbon nanodots. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 2(1), 25-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2019.01.002
Mariano, M., El Kissi, N., & Dufresne, A. (2016). Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced oxidized natural rubber nanocomposites. Carbohydrate polymers, 137, 174-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.027
Mohamad, Z., Ismail, H., & Thevy, R. C. (2006). Characterization of epoxidized natural rubber/ethylene vinyl acetate (ENR‐50/EVA) blend: Effect of blend ratio. Journal of applied polymer science, 99(4), 1504-1515. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.04.010
Mondal, M. I. H., & Haque, M. M. U. (2007). Effect of grafting methacrylate monomers onto jute constituents with a potassium persulfate initiator catalyzed by Fe (II). Journal of applied polymer science, 103(4), 2369-2375. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25276
Ochigbo, S. S., Luyt, A. S., & Focke, W. W. (2009). Latex derived blends of poly (vinyl acetate) and natural rubber: thermal and mechanical properties. Journal of materials science, 44, 3248-3254. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3435-6
Peng, Z., Kong, L. X., Li, S. D., Chen, Y., & Huang, M. F. (2007). Self-assembled natural rubber/silica nanocomposites: Its preparation and characterization. Composites Science and Technology, 67(15-16), 3130-3139. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.04.016
Phiri, R., Rangappa, S. M., Siengchin, S., Oladijo, O. P., & Dhakal, H. N. (2023). Development of sustainable biopolymer-based composites for lightweight applications from agricultural waste biomass: A review. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.04.004
Pracella, M., Haque, M. M. U., & Puglia, D. (2014). Morphology and properties tuning of PLA/cellulose nanocrystals bio-nanocomposites by means of reactive functionalization and blending with PVAc. Polymer, 55(16), 3720-3728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.071
Rahmah, M., Khusyairi, A. A., Khairunnisya, H. N., & Nurbalqis, M. S. (2019, June). Oven Ageing versus UV Ageing Properties of Natural Rubber Cup Lump/EPDM Rubber Blend with Mangosteen Powder (MPP) as Natural Antioxidant. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 548, No. 1, p. 012014). IOP Publishing. DOI https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/548/1/012014
Rooshenass, P., Yahya, R., & Gan, S. N. (2017). Preparation of Liquid Epoxidized Natural Rubber by Oxidative Degradations Using Periodic Acid. Potassium Permanganate and UV-Irradiation.
Sethulekshmi, A. S., Saritha, A., & Joseph, K. (2022). A comprehensive review on the recent advancements in natural rubber nanocomposites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 194, 819-842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.134
Sharma, S. K., Sharma, P. R., Lin, S., Chen, H., Johnson, K., Wang, R., & Hsiao, B. S. (2020). Reinforcement of natural rubber latex using jute carboxycellulose nanofibers extracted using Nitro-Oxidation method. Nanomaterials 10: 706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10040706
Surov, O. V., Afineevskii, A. V., & Voronova, M. I. (2023). Sulfuric acid alcoholysis as a way to obtain cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose, 30(15), 9391-9404. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10570-023-05470-8
Tian, R., Zhu, B., Li, N., Su, Z., Lü, B., Bian, J., & Peng, F. (2024). Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide extraction method for fractionating hemicelluloses and upgrading the properties of cellulose. Industrial Crops and Products, 218, 118891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118891
Urtekin, G., Ullah, M. S., Yildirim, R., Ozkoc, G., & Kodal, M. (2023). A comprehensive review of the recent developments in thermoplastics and rubber blends‐based composites and nanocomposites. Polymer Composites, 44(12), 8303-8329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.27712
Visakh, P. M., Thomas, S., Oksman, K., & Mathew, A. P. (2012). Crosslinked natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose whiskers isolated from bamboo waste: Processing and mechanical/thermal properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 43(4), 735-741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.12.015
Viswanathan, V. P., Kulandhaivelu, S. V., Manivasakan, K., & Ramakrishnan, R. (2024). Development of biodegradable packaging films from carboxymethyl cellulose and oxidised natural rubber latex. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 262, 129980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129980
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DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECOFRIENDLY COMPOSITE BASED ON NATURAL RUBBER, VINYL ACETATE AND RAPESEED PLANT STRAW: EFFECT OF NATURAL RUBBER MODIFICATION

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